How India's Women Scientists Shaped a Nation's Scientific Legacy

India celebrates National Science Day every year on February 28, marking the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928. This year, the focus shifts to the groundbreaking work of women scientists who have shaped the country's progress in science and technology. Their achievements span medicine, agriculture, defence, and engineering—fields where they overcame both professional and societal hurdles.

The 2026 theme, 'Women in Science: Catalysing Viksit Bharat', spotlights their pivotal role in building a self-reliant nation.

For decades, Indian women in science have broken barriers while delivering lasting contributions. Kamala Sohonie became the first Indian woman to earn a Ph.D. in a scientific field. Her research revealed that Neera, a palm nectar, is packed with vitamins and iron—critical for pregnant women and children in tribal areas. Around the same time, Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal made history as the first Indian woman to receive a U.S. Ph.D. in botany. Her work on sugarcane hybrids helped India achieve self-sufficiency in sugar production.

In medicine, Asima Chatterjee stood out as the first woman to earn a Doctor of Science from an Indian university. She pioneered plant-based drugs, developing treatments for epilepsy and cancer that are still used today. Meanwhile, Rajeshwari Chatterjee carved her path as Karnataka's first woman engineer. She set up India's first microwave engineering research lab, laying the foundation for future advancements in communication technology.

Defence technology also saw a trailblazer in Tessy Thomas, the first woman to lead a missile project in India. Her leadership proved that women could excel in high-pressure, strategic sectors. These achievements were not isolated—since the 1930s, over 20 prominent women scientists have emerged as pioneers in physics, mathematics, biology, and computer science.

To support more women in STEM, government initiatives now include the WISE-KSCOPE programme by the Department of Science and Technology, the Vigyan Jyoti scheme for schoolgirls, and dedicated fellowships at institutions like the Indian Institute of Science. Their efforts ensure that today's young girls see science as a viable and rewarding career path.

The legacy of these women extends beyond their individual discoveries. Their research strengthened India's food security, improved public health, and advanced defence capabilities. Programmes encouraging girls in STEM now build on their achievements, ensuring that future generations continue to push scientific boundaries. The 2026 theme reflects a simple truth: India's progress in science has always depended on the contributions of its women.