Estonia's bold move to end Russian-language schools by 2030 sparks fierce debate

Estonia is phasing out Russian-language instruction in state-funded schools and kindergartens by 2030. The government's policy aims to strengthen social cohesion and improve economic opportunities for Russian speakers. However, opinions on the reform remain sharply divided.

The transition will see all state-funded education switch to Estonian, with Russian-language teaching ending by 2024. Authorities argue the move will reduce unemployment, foster integration, and build national pride among younger generations. To support the shift, the government plans to close Russian-language schools, require teachers to pass Estonian language exams, and offer higher salaries to attract qualified educators.

A recent ZOiS study highlights stark differences in public opinion. Over 80 percent of ethnic Estonians support the reform, particularly those under 35, wealthier respondents, and individuals educated in Estonian. Among Russian-background participants, however, only about 35 percent of older respondents and just over half of younger ones back the policy.

Critics describe the reform as assimilatory or discriminatory, pointing to a shortage of qualified teachers and concerns over rushed implementation. Some also warn of declining educational standards if the transition is not managed carefully. The debate reflects broader tensions, as Russian speakers make up roughly one-fifth of Estonia's population.

The policy's success will depend on addressing practical challenges and bridging divides in public opinion. With the first phase set for 2024, the government must ensure adequate resources and training for educators. The reform's long-term impact on integration and employment remains to be seen.